English grammar 2 Written By Dimitris Sclias
©D.Education Projects
 
 
1. The indefinite article -> a - an
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 a pen, a box, a table, a chair, -> a useful book.
 an apple, an umbrella, an animal, an orange,-> an honest man.
 three times a month, $5 a kilo, 50km an hour.
 
 Examples:
 This is a table  -> That is an orange.
 This is a cat    -> That is an animal. 
 I have a book    -> I have books.
 I go to school five times a week.
 I walk 7km an hour. 
 I am a boy       -> We are boys.
 
 
The definite article ->  The
 
 Examples: With *THE*
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 The horse, the cats.
 The Aegean sea, The Atlantic ocean.
 The river Nile, The Alps, The Sahara desert.
 The Cyclades, The Browns(family name), The United States.
 The Hilton hotel, The Rex cinema, The Mary Rose(ship)
 The piano, the violin, the guitar...
 The English language, The Greeks
 
 Examples: Without *THE*
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 I like milk.
 Tom is a boy.
 See you on Sunday.
 My birthday is in May.
 We had lunch at noon.
 John likes Maths.
 Jane plays basketball but -> Liana plays the piano.
 He speaks English.
 home, school, bed, church, hospital.
 go home now!, We go to school
 prison, university, bed, work...
 The police put him in prison.
 
We travel-> by car, by bus, by plane, by taxi, by train  on foot.
 
 
2. To be(I am).
 
 Positive  Interrogative  Negative
 I am          am I ?           I am not      (I'm not)
 You are    are you ?      you are not   (you aren't)
 He is         is he ?          he is not     (he isn't)
 She is        is she ?         she is not    (she isn't)
 It is            is it ?            it is not     (it isn't)
 We are     are we ?        we are not    (we aren't)
 You are    are you ?      you are not   (you aren't)
 They are   are they ?    They are not  (they aren't)
 
I am     -> I'm              I am not     -> I'm not
You are  -> You're      You are not  -> You're not
 He is    -> He's           He is not    -> He's not
 She is   -> She's         She is not   -> She's not
It is    -> It's                It is not    -> It's not
We are   -> We're       We are not   -> We're not
You are  -> You're     You are not  -> You're not
They are -> They're    They are not -> They're not
 
Examples :
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 Tony is a boy         -> He's a boy.
 Mary is a girl        -> She's a girl.
 Pete and Tom are here -> They're here.
 Who are you?       - I'm Tim.
 Are you teachers?  - Yes, we are.
 Is he Peter ?      - No, he isn't
 Are they girls?    - Yes, they are.
 Is this a pen?     - No, it isn't.
 Is that a train?   - Yes, it is.
 Are these balls?   - Yes, they are.
 Are those pencils? - No, they aren't.
 Are you a postman? - No, I'm not.
 Who are they?      - They're Mr and Mrs Brown.
 Are you at school? - Yes, we are.
 
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3. Plural number
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Rules and examples.
1. -s
--------
 boy - boys, table – tables, tree, trees.
 
2. - s, ss, sh, ch, x -> - es.
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 -> bus-buses, kiss-kisses, brush-brushes,
 -> watch-watches, box-boxes, church-churches.
 
3. -> boy - boys BUT -> lorry – lorries.
 
4. -> -f , -fe  ->  Thief-thieves, knife – knives.
BUT -> cliff - cliffs, roof - roofs.
 
5. Tomato - tomatoes BUT -> Piano - pianos, kilo – kilos.
 
Irregular plural
6. man - men,      woman - women,  child - children,  foot - feet
7. tooth - teeth,  mouse - mice,   louse - lice       roof- roofs
8. sheep - sheep,  hero - heroes,  ox    - oxen
 
9. Singular and Plural the SAME.
black –> black    fat   –> fat 
who   -> who      which -> which
what  -> what     where -> where
When  -> when     why   -> why
how   -> how etc.  
 
More plurals:
 this is      ->  these are      I am           ->  we are
 that is      ->  those are    you are        ->  you are
 there is     ->  there are    he, she, it is ->  they are
 me           ->  us               my             ->  our
 you          ->  you            your           ->  your
 him, her, it ->  them       his, her, its  ->  their
 
Examples:
 
This is a horse  -> These are horses.
That is a box    -> Those are boxes.
There is a book  -> There are books.
He’s a man       -> They’re men.
She is a woman   -> They’re women.
I am a policeman -> We are policemen.
You are a boy    -> You are boys.
Look at him      -> Look at them.         
This is a watch  -> These are watches.
That is a red dress -> Those are red dresses.
She’s a tall girl -> They’re tall girls.
 
 
4. Saxon Genitive, Possessive adjectives - pronouns
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Adjectives
 my
 your
 his
 her
 its
our
your
their
  
Before nouns
 my brother, her bag, our house, their ball...
 
Examples
This is John’s bike     -> This is his bike.
Brenda has a pen        -> It’s her pen.
We have a house         -> It’s our house.
Pete and Tim have a ball-> It’s their ball.
What’s your name ?      -> My name’s George.
 
Pronouns
Mine
yours
 his
 hers
----
ours
yours
theirs
 
 
After nouns
 A friend of mine, this car is yours, that ball is theirs...
 It's yours, they are ours.
 
Examples:
Jim is my friend  -> he’s a friend of mine.
This is Tom’s pen -> it’s his.
That is her cat   -> it’s hers.
That is our house -> that house is ours.
This toy is for you -> it’s yours.
That’s Tony and John’s bike -> That bike is theirs.
 
Saxon Genitive
 
  Mary     -> Mary's doll,         My mother -> My mother's pen.
  The boy  -> the boy's ball.      BUT -> the boys' ball.
  The man  -> the man's car.       the men -> the men's car.
  -> Mary's and Jane's bikes. (two bikes)
  -> Mary and Jane's bike.    (one bike)
 
 of
 
 Ôhe book of Mary.
 the legs of the table, the pages of the book.
 the dress of Mary, or Mary's dress.
b! -> my car  never -> the my car.
 
examples
Mary has a cat -> It’s Mary’s cat.
My father has a car -> It’s my father’s car.
These women have a house -> It’s the women’s house.