English Grammar 4 written by D.Sclias

©D.Education Projects

 

b2. Modal verbs

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 Will - would, shall - should.

 

 Will (shall)  -> Ι will(shall) go to Athens tomorrow.

 Would         -> If she came, we would go to the cinema.

 Shall         -> Shall we go out tonight ?

 Should        -> She is sick, she should go to the doctor.

 

Can – Could

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 He can be there tomorrow, can’t he ? 

 They can’t be with us, can they ?

 could you do something for me ?

 

May  - Might

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 It may rain later.

 May I speak to Mary please ?

 he might come later.

 

Must         -> We must work hard.

Must not     -> You mustn't smoke.

Ought to     -> I ought to visit them.

Ought not to -> They ought not to behave like that.

used to      -> he used to smoke.

Used not to  -> He used not to drink so much.OR (he didn’t use to…)

need         -> need I come tomorrow ? -> you needn't write that.

dare         -> How dare you say such things !

 

 

After Modal verbs NEVER USE –to, -s, -ing.

  -> I must go             NOT -> Ι must to go

  -> He can come with us.  NOT  -> he can comes.

  -> he must go to school. NOT  -> he must going to school.

 

 -> will not  - won't      would not    - wouldn't

 -> shall not - shan't     should not   - shouldn't

 -> can not   - can't      could not    - couldn't

 -> may not   - mayn't     might not    - mightn't

 -> must not  - mustn't    need not     - needn't

 -> dare not  - daren't    ought not to - oughtn't to

 

 

For the PAST

 Modal verb + have + past participle.

 

Active voice:

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Present  -> You should  tell  the truth.

Past     -> You should have told the truth.

 

Present  -> We could be killed.

Past     -> We could have been killed.

 

Present  -> He ought to visit the Acropolis.

Past     -> He ought to have visited the Acropolis.

 

Present  -> He might finish the work today.

Past     -> He might have finished the work yesterday.

 

Passive voice :

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Present  -> The truth should be told by you.

Past     -> The truth should have been told by you.

 

 

Remember -> must =  have to

Remember -> can  =  be able to

 

 They must do the work.

 They’ll have to do work.

 

 She couldn’t work yesterday.

 She wasn’t able to work yesterday.

 

 

b3. Active Voice

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Simple Present       : He works

Present Con.         : He is working

Simple Past          : He worked

Past Con.            : He was working

Simple Future        : He will (would) work

Future Con.          : He will (would) be working

Present Perfect      : He has worked

Present Perfect Con. : He has been working

Past Perfect         : He had worked

Past Perfect Con.    : He had been working

Future Perfect.      : He will (would) have worked

Future Perfect Con.  : He will (would) have been working

 

Passive voice

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Simple Present       : It is sent

Simple Past          : It was sent

Past Con.            : It was being sent

Simple Future        : It will (would) be sent

Present Perfect      : It has been sent

Past Perfect         : It had been sent

Future Perfect       : It will (would) have been sent

 

Some examples:

 

   ACTIVE VOICE                      PASSIVE VOICE

She cleans the house.        -> The house is cleaned by her.

They are doing the work now. -> The work is being done by them now.

We’ll deliver it next week.  -> It’ll be delivered by us next week.

He wrote the book last year. -> The book was written last year.

Someone has stolen my bike.  -> My bike has been stolen.

We’ll have sent it by then.  -> It’ll have been sent by then. 

 

 

 

b4. Prepositions:

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absent from  

according to    

accuse of  

aim at              

angry with sb     

apart from    

approve of    

argue with          

ashamed of    

aware of   

comply with  

concentrate on      

consent to

contact with      

convince of     

damage to           

depend on        

die of  

 disappointed with   

divide into         

end in            

explain to     

familiar to sb   

familiar with sth   

famous for     

get rid of  

glad about     

in love with

in my opinion 

in trouble 

 inferior to 

insist on

Interfere with  

jealous of    

learn by heart    

make of

point at           

 popular with 

 prefer to 

prevent from

proud of        

rely on            

remind of  

remind to

satisfy with   

shout at          

similar to  

sorry for

suffer from   

superior to     

surprise at      

take care of

think of        

tired of     

translate into

 

 

 

b5. Special comparisons

b====================

 

b1. The + comparative + The + comparative.

  -> The earlier you come the better it is.

  -> The more you sleep, the less tired you feel.

  -> The faster we work the sooner we'll finish.

 

b2. As much/many + countable or uncountable noun + as

  -> Give me as much money as you have.

  -> I will make as many friends as possible.

 

b3. Not half so/as + adjective + as.

  -> Jane is half as clever as Christine.

  -> Tom is not half so/as tall as Bob.

 

b4. Twice(three/four times etc.)as + adjective.

  -> Peter is twice as tall.

  -> Tony is ten times as fast.

 

b5. Getting + comparative + and + comparative.

  -> It's getting colder and colder.

  -> She is getting fatter and fatter.

  -> John's getting taller and taller.

 

b6. As + adjective or adverb+ as.

  -> Is he as clever as that?

  -> Is it as late as that ?

  -> Is Brenda as stupid as that ?

 

b7. As + adjective/adverb+ as possible.

  -> As soon as possible.

  -> As late as possible.

 

 

6. Phrasal  Verbs. (list 2 )

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fall for       -> fall in love     -> be deceived         

Fall on/upon   -> attack              

fall out with  -> quarrel             

fall through   -> fail                

fill in        -> complete            

find out       -> discover            

get across     -> be understood        

get away       -> escape              

get on with    -> be on good terms    

get at         -> mean, imply         

get away with  -> escape punishment   

get off        -> get off a bus, etc.  

get on         -> get on a bus, etc.  

get over     -> recover from        

get around     -> persuade            

get through    -> pass through        

get through    -> pass through        

give away      -> reveal, give free   

give in        -> surrender           

give off       -> emit smells etc.    

give out       -> distribute, end     

 

give up        -> stop, surrender     

I am about to  -> ready to            

I am after s -> go after            

Ι am against   -> be opposed           

Ι am away      -> absent              

It's over      -> finished            

It's up to     -> depends on          

go after smb   -> pursue              

go on/ahead    -> continue            

go away        -> get out, stop       

go for         -> attack, apply       

go into        -> investigate         

go in for      -> take part in       

 go off         -> explode, ring  -> spoil (food)

go out         -> be extinguished     

go over sth    -> examine, repeat     

go through     -> suffer, discuss     

go up          -> rise                

hold on        -> wait                

hold over      -> postpone            

hold up        -> delay                 

let down       -> disappoint, lengthen 

let off        -> not punish          

let out        -> make larger         

keep on        -> continue           

 

look after     -> take care of        

look down on   -> despise             

look into      -> investigate         

look on        -> consider, watch     

look out       -> be careful         

 look over      -> examine quickly     

look to        -> rely on             

look it up     -> find in a book      

look up to        -> respect

make up           -> invent

make it up        -> reconcile

make up your mind -> decide

make up for       -> compensate

make out          -> distinguish

 

put aside         -> save

put away          -> store

put down to       -> attribute

put off           -> postpone

put on            -> wear

put out           -> extinguish

put through     -> connect by phone

put one  up     -> offer hospitality

put up with     -> tolerate

run across/into -> meet by chance

run after       -> chase

run away with   -> steal

run down -> exhausted, knock down

run out of      -> finish

run over        -> read quickly

run over        -> knock down

 

see about       -> deal with

see out/off  -> accompany

see through     -> not deceived

see to sth      -> arrange

set aside       -> save (money)

set off/out     -> begin a journey

set in          -> start

set up          -> establish, trap

stand by        -> support

stand for       -> represent

stand out       -> noticeable

stand up for    -> support

stand up to     -> resist

be taken aback  -> surprised

take after      -> look like

take away       -> remove

take for        -> identify wrongly

take off        -> remove clothes

take on         -> employ

take over       -> take control

take to         -> like

take up         -> begin a hobby

take up  sth    -> fill (time)

think it over   -> rethink

try it on       -> put on

turn down       -> reject

turn into       -> convert

turn on/off     -> switch on/of

turn out to be  -> prove to be

turn to         -> ask for help

turn up         -> appear

wash up         -> do the dishes

what is up     -> what is happening   

work out        -> calculate

 

 End of Demo