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Grammar Theory - Teachers
Notes
Level 2
B-Senior Class
Εδώ
αναλύουμε όλα τα μαθήματα της Αγγλικής Γραμματικής με κανόνες
και
παραδείγματα στα Ελληνικά με απλό τρόπο και σαφήνεια, έτσι ώστε
οι
σπουδαστές να τα αφομοιώνουν εύκολα.
Όλα τα παρακάτω
μαθήματα και πολλά περισσότερα με χιλιάδες αυτοματοποιημένες ασκήσεις οι
οποίες σας δίνουν
αυτόματα την σωστή απάντηση και σας εξηγούν γιατί κάνατε λάθος,
Μπορείτε να τις
αγοράσετε στο CD μας " The Windows English PackAll".
******************************************
1B.
Revision
of
tenses
Απλός Ενεστώτας,
Ενεστώτας διαρκείας, Μέλλοντας
Αόριστος,
Παρακείμενος.
simple present
-> he goes
does he go ? he doesn't go
present continuous -> he is going
is he going ? he isn't going
simple future
-> he will go
will he go ? he won't go
Going to Future
-> he is going to go
-
is he going to go?
-
he isn't going to go
simple past
-> he was
was he ?
he wasn't
-> he went
did he go ? he didn't go
present perfect
-> he has gone
has he gone ? he hasn't gone
->
I must
- must I ?
- I mustn't
->
I can
- can I ?
- I can't
->
I have got -
have I got ? - I
haven't got
********************************************
2B. Simple Past - Past Continuous
Simple
past
- Απλός Αόριστος.
Έχουμε μιλήσει ήδη για τον
Simple
Past.
->
He went - Did he go? - He didn't go.
Past continuous - Aόριστος
διαρκείας
->
I was + ρήμα + ing -> I was
going - πήγαινα
I
was going
was I going ?
I was not going
You were going
were you going ? you
were not going
He
was going
was he going ? he was not
going
She was going
was she going ?
she was not going
It
was going
was it going ?
It was not going
We
were going
were we going ?
we were not going
You were going
were you going ? you
were not going
They were going
were they going ? they were
not going
Σύντομοι
τύποι : was not -> wasn't were not -> weren't
Χρήση :
1. Μία πράξη που γινόταν
σε συγκεκριμένη στιγμή.
->
he
was
sleeping
at 5
o'clock
2. Δύο πράξεις που
γίνονταν συγχρόνως.
-> my mother was cooking
while(ενώ) I was studying.
3. Μία πράξη που ενώ
γινόταν διακόπηκε από άλλη.
-> I was walking down the
street when I saw her.
4.
Με τις φράσεις :
-> while(ενώ), as(καθώς),
when, all day, all night, etc.
-> As he was driving, he had an accident.
-> when Mary was having a bath, the phone rang.
-> While I was working, he was playing.
-> my father was working all day.
***********************************************
3B.
Prepositions
or
not ?
Λέξεις με ή χωρίς
προθέσεις.
Με
Προθέσεις :
off, of, at, after, to, on, under
for, in, about, with, from.
Afraid of(φοβάμαι από) -> I'm afraid of dogs.
Afraid to(φοβάμαι να) -> I'm
afraid to go there.
Arrive at(φθάνω σε ) -> at
home, at school, etc.
Arrive
in(πόλεις,
χώρες, ηπείρους)
-> In Athens, In
Greece, In Africa, etc
Ask for (ζητάω)
-> I asked for a pen.
belong to(ανήκω) -> this pen
belongs to me.
Ask about(ρωτάω για
-> she asked about you.
Come from(Είμαι απο) -> I
come from Greece.
Come to(έρχομαι) -> come to
my house.
Get to(φθάνω)
-> I got to the office
Αλλά
-> I got home, I got here/there.
Go
to(Πηγαίνω στο,ή,ό) -> go to school, Αλλά
-> go home.
Good at/to(καλός σε) ->
he's good at maths.
Good to(καλός σε)
-> Se's good to me.
Good for(καλό για)
-> It's good for your health.
Leave for(φεύγω για) -> I
left for Paris.
Listen to(προσέχω) -> Listen to me !
Look at(κοιτάω) ->
look at Mary !
Look for(ψάχνω) ->
I'm looking for Bob.
Look after(φροντίζω) -> look after your old father.
Speak to(μιλάω σε)
-> speak to your mother.
Speak about(μιλάω για) -> He spoke about it.
Stand at(στέκομαι) -> stand at the window.
Take care of(φροντίζω) -> take care of yourself.
Talk to/about(μιλάω σε/για) -> talk to me, talk about it.
Thank for(ευχαριστώ για)
-> thank you for coming.
Turn on/off(ανοίγω/κλείνω) -> Turn on/off the light.
Χωρίς
προθέσεις.
Answer a question(απαντώ) -> please answer my
question.
Behind(πίσω από) -> the tree is behind the house.
Enter(μπαίνω σε) -> he entered the house.
Leave(φεύγω από) -> she left home at 8 o'clock.
Like(μ'αρέσει) -> I like apples.
Near(κοντά σε) ->
near the school.
Obey(υπακούω σε) -> I obey my father.
Promise(υπόσχομαι σε) -> Ι promise you.
Reach(φθάνω σε) -> he
reached home at 6 o'clock.
Round(γύρω από) -> round
the house.
Tell(λέω σε)
-> tell me about it.
Under(κάτω από) -> the cat
is under the table.
***************************************************
4B. Present perfect 2
Παρακείμενος 2
Present perfect - Απλός Παρακείμενος.
I
have + Παθητική μετοχή.
->
I have worked -> έχω
δουλέψει
I
have worked
have I worked?
I haven not worked
You have worked
have you worked ? you
have not worked
He
has worked has he worked? he has not worked
She has worked
has she worked ?
she has not worked
It
has worked
has it worked ?
It has not worked
We
have worked
have we worked ?
we have not worked
You have worked
have you worked ? you
have not worked
They have worked
have they worked? they
have not worked
Σύντομοι
τύποι : I have = I've, he has gone = He's gone
-> have not = haven't, has not =
hasn't
-> Η ερώτηση δεν έχει ποτέ σύντομο τύπο.
Χρήση :
1. Μια πράξη που έγινε σε
απροσδιόριστο χρόνο.
-> I have seen this film.
2. Μια πράξη που μόλις τελείωσε.
just
- μόλις.
->
They
have
just
arrived.
3. Μια πράξη που έγινε
και τα αποτελέσματά της
φαίνoνται
στο παρόν.
-> he is tired. he has worked hard all day.
4. Πράξη που άρχισε και
συνεχίζεται στο παρόν.
-> Mary has worked there for
ten years.
5.
since - από
-> they have been here since 9 o'clock.
6.
for - για(διάρκεια) -> Ι have waited for an
hour.
7.
ever -
ποτέ(ερώτηση)
-> have you ever seen her ?
8.
never - ποτέ(άρνηση) -> Ι have never seen her.
9.
already - ήδη(κατάφαση) ->
he has already eaten.
10. yet - ακόμη(άρνηση)
-> They haven't arrived yet.
11. always - πάντα
-> I have always wanted to go there.
12. How long - πόσο καιρό ->
How long have you been here ?
13. How far - πόσο μακριά ->
How far have you walked ?
************************************************
5B. Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives and adverbs - Επίθετα και επιρρήματα.
Συγκρίσεις
- comparisons
Degrees(βαθμοί) :
1.
Positive
(Θετικός)
-> tall
2.
Comperative (συγκριτικός)
-> taller
3. Superlative
(υπερθετικός)
-> tallest
Σχηματισμός επιθέτων :
1. Στα μονοσύλλαβα βάζουμε την κατάληξη -er και -est.
old ->
older,
the
oldest.
2. Όταν τελειώνουν σε -e βάζουμε μόνο -r και -st.
nice ->
nicer,
the
nicest.
3. Στα μονοσύλλαβα με ένα
φωνήεν διπλασιάζουμε
το
τελικό σύμφωνο. fat -> fatter, the fattest.
4. Στα πολυσύλλαβα βάζουμε τις λέξεις
more και
the
most.
beautiful -> more beautiful,
the most beautiful.
5. Όταν τελειώνουν σε -y
τότε το -y γίνεται -i
happy ->
happier,
the
happiest.
6. Μερικά επίθετα έχουν
το δικό τους τύπο.(ανώμαλα)
good -> better, the
best
bad -> worse, the worst
much(many)-> more ,
the most
little
-> less, the least
far ->
further,the
furthest
Συγκριτικός
:
Συγκρίνουμε δύο πρόσωπα ή πράγματα. από =
than
->
John is taller than Peter.
->
Mary is more beautiful than Brenda.
->
this box is bigger than that one.
->
you are better than me.
Υπερθετικός :
Ξεχωρίζουμε ένα ή
περισσότερα από το σύνολο.
από =
of, αλλά για γκρουπ και τόπους -> από =
in
->
John is the tallest of all.
->
It's the best place in town.
->
She is the most beautiful girl in the class.
Όταν δύο πράγματα έχουν
μία ιδιότητα στον ίδιο βαθμό.
->
as...as(τόσο...όσο) - not so(as)...as(όχι τόσο...όσο)
->
She is as tall as Mary, She is not as tall as Mary.
Πρόσεχε
:
very με θετικό βαθμό -> very tall, very good.
much με συγκριτικό βαθμό -> much taller,
much better.
Adverbs -
επιρρήματα (σχηματισμός)
1. Τα περισσότερα παίρνουν -ly
-> slow - slowly, final -
finally
2.
κατάληξη -y -> easy - easily, happy - happily
3.
σε -c -> terrific - terrifically
4.
σε -ple ή -ble -> simple - simply
6. μερικά είναι ίδια σαν
επίθετα και σαν επιρρήματα.
-> hard, fast, early, late,
high, low, near.
-> he is fast, he works very fast.
7.
Good - well, bad - badly.
-> I feel very well, he spoke very badly.
Συγκρίσεις
:
->
He runs faster than me.
->
He is the fastest runner of all.
->
He drives more carefully than me.
->
He runs as fast as me.
->
She speaks English very well.
*************************************************
6B. Tail(tag) Questions 1
Tail questions - Ερωτήσεις
ουράς.
Οι
tail
questions
(ερωτηματικές φράσεις) μπαίνουν στο τέλος
μιάς πρότασης, όταν θέλουμε
να ρωτήσουμε ή να επιβεβαιώσουμε
κάτι. Στα Ελληνικά
μεταφράζονται : έτσι δεν είναι; ή έ ;
->
Είναι ωραία μέρα, έ ; It's a nice day,
isn't it ?
Σχηματισμός : Βοηθητικό ή
ελλειπτικό ρήμα + υποκείμενο
1. Χρησιμοποιούμε πάντα τον σύντομο τύπο. ->
isn't,
doesn't,
etc
2. Το υποκείμενο είναι πάντα αντωνυμία. -> Ι,
you,
he,
etc
-> Mr Smith is a good teacher,
-> isn't he ?
3. Εάν δεν έχουμε βοηθητικό ρήμα βάζουμε
Do,
does ή
did
ανάλογα
με τον
χρόνο.
-> Mary works today, -> doesn't she ?
-> Mary worked yesterday, -> didn't she ?
4. Αν η κύρια πρόταση είναι καταφατική η
tail
question
είναι
αρνητικο-ερωτηματική.
-> she is a good driver, ......... -> isn't she ?
5. Αν είναι αρνητική τότε η
tail
question
είναι ερωτηματική.
-> she isn't a good
driver,......... -> is she ?
Πρόσεχε:
->
I am tall, ....... -> aren't I ?
->
she's been to Italy ..... -> hasn't she ?
->
He'll be there....... -> won't he ?
->
there was a dance.... -> wasn't there ?
->
You shouldn't tell lies..... -> should you ?
***********************************************
7B. Relative and interrogative pronouns
Αναφορικές
και
Ερωτηματικές
αντωνυμίες.
Who, Whose, whom, That, Which, How, How many, How much,
What, When, Where, why.
Who (Ποιός, ά, ό, οί, ές, ά) ->
άνθρωποι
->
who is he ?, who did you play with ?
Whose
(Τίνος, ποιανού, του οποίου,ας) -> άνθρωποι και
πράγματα
->
whose child is this ?, whose pen is this ?
->
the man whose son is a doctor, is my friend.
Whom
(ποιόν,
ποιάν, ποιούς, ές, ά)
->
for whom are you waiting ?
Πρόσεχε εάν η πρόθεση μπαίνει στο τέλος το
whom γίνεται
who.
->
who are you waiting for ?
That (ο
οποίος, α ,ο - οι οποίοι, ες, α - τον οποίον, α, ο)
->
για πρόσωπα και
πράγματα
->
He is the man that I saw last week.
->
The book that is on the table is mine.
Which (ποιός,
ά, ό, οί, ές, ά) -> πράγματα, επιλογή ανθρώπων.
->
The book which is on the table is mine.
->
Which of you will come with me ?
Of Which (του
οποίου, ας - των οποίων)
->
The car the colour of which is red, is my father's.
How (πως, πόσο) -> how old are you ?
How many (πόσοι, ες, α) -> how many friends have you got ?
How much (πόσο) -> how much money have you got ?
What (τί) -> what do you want ?
When (πότε) -> when did you see her ?
Where (πού) -> where did you meet her ?
Why (γιατί) -> why did you do that thing to me ?
Όταν η αναφορική
αντωνυμία είναι σε αιτιατική πτώση
συνήθως
παραλείπεται.
->
The pencil that you have is mine.
->
The pencil you have is mine.
->
The man whom you met is my brother.
->
The man you met is my brother.
********************************************
8B. Simple Past - Present Perfect
Simple past(Αόριστος) -present perfect(Παρακείμενος)
Έχουμε μιλήσει ήδη για
τους δύο αυτούς χρόνους
αναλυτικά
στα προηγούμενα μαθήματα.
Simple Past -> he went - did he go ? - he didn't go.
Present Perfect -> He has gone - has he gone ? - He hasn't gone.
Θυμήσου
:
Eπιρρήματα
με simple past -> last, ago, yesterday, dates, etc.
Επιρρήματα
με Present perfect :
->
ever, never, already, just, yet, since, for, etc.
*********************************************
9B. Special verbs, will-would...
Modal verbs - Ελλειπτικά
ρήματα.
will - would (θα), shall - should (θα)
-> Ι will(shall) go
-> Ι will go - θα
πάω , I would go - θα
πήγαινα.
I should go
- θα πρέπει(θα έπρεπε) να πάω .
Με το ρήμα
shall επίσης
προτείνουμε.
-> Shall we go out tonight ?
can (μπορώ να) -
could
(μπορούσα να)
1.
Ικανότητα
-> I can run fast, 2. άδεια -> can I go out ?
may -
might
(μπορώ να, ίσως)
1.
πιθανότητα
-> it may rain, 2. άδεια -> may I speak ?
Must (πρέπει να) -> We must work hard.
Must not (απαγόρευση) -> Υοu
mustn't smoke.
ought to (οφείλω να, θα πρέπει
να) -> I
ought to visit them.
used to (συνήθιζα να) έχει μόνο
Αόριστο. -> he used to smoke.
need (είναι ανάγκη να) -> need I come tomorrow
?
dare (τολμώ να)-> How dare you say such things !
Αυτά τα ρήματα λέγονται
ελλειπτικά γιατί δεν έχουν
όλους τους χρόνους των
κανονικών ρημάτων.
1. Δεν ακολουθούνται ποτέ από
to, εκτός από το
used και το
ought.
-> I must go όχι -> Ι must to go
2. Δεν παίρνουν ποτέ την κατάληξη -ing
3. Δεν κλείνονται ποτέ με
do,
does,
did
επειδή είναι βοηθητικά.
-> They will come with us ->
will they come with us ?
To used to κλίνεται
και με did -> did you use to go there ?
4. Στα πρόσωπα
he,
she και
it δεν παίρνουν ποτέ -s
-> He can come with us.
5. Ακολουθούνται πάντα από απαρέμφατο χωρίς
to
-> he must go to school ποτέ he must going to school.
Σύντομοι
αρνητικοί τύποι:
-> will not
- won't would not - wouldn't
-> shall not - shan't
should not - shouldn't
-> can not
- can't could not - couldn't
-> may not
- mayn't might not - mightn't
-> must not
- mustn't need not
- needn't
-> dare not
- daren't ought not to - oughtn't to
******************************************
11. Too, enough, else, hardly, ever
Ever or never?
- hard or hardly? - too or
enough?
Else or another? - may I or shall I?
Χρήση :
ever(ποτέ)
κυρίως ερωτηματικά, μερικές φορές καταφατικά.
->
have you ever met her ?
->
Ιf I ever go there, I'll be happy.
never(ποτέ)
αρνητικά, μερικές φορές καταφατικά.
->
He has never been to Africa.
->
Never say never again.
hard(σκληρός, ά, δύσκολο, α)
->
He is a hard person
->
This exercise is very hard.
hardly any(ever)(σχεδόν
καθόλου, σχεδόν ποτέ)
->
I hardly have any money
->
He hardly ever comes here.
too(πάρα πολύ, υπερβολικά) πριν από τα επίθετα.
->
He is too short to play football.
It's too cold for them to go out.
enough(αρκετά)
μετά από τα επίθετα, πριν τα ουσιαστικά.
->
Helen is old enough to go to school.
->
We have enough chairs for the party.
else(άλλος,η ο)
or else(ή,
διαφορετικά)
->
You talked to someone else !
->
do it ! or else I'll beat you up.
another(ένας
άλλος,η,ο)
->
Ι want another coffee please.
May I ? (μπορώ να)-> May I speak to you ?
Shall I? (να) -> shall I help you ?
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Τελος Demo